INTRODUCTION

Mental retardation, now more appropriately termed intellectual disability, is a significant global health and social concern. It contributes to childhood developmental challenges and affects not only the individual but also the family and community at large. The condition arises from diverse causes such as genetic abnormalities, complications during pregnancy and childbirth, childhood infections, and environmental factors. Its impact extends beyond learning difficulties, often involving social, emotional, and behavioural challenges that require lifelong support. Effective management calls for a multi-dimensional approach, focusing on prevention, early intervention, rehabilitation, and community integration.